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This is Info file ../info/emacs, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input file emacs.texi. File: emacs, Node: Change Window, Prev: Force Same Window, Up: Windows Deleting and Rearranging Windows ================================ `C-x 0' Delete the selected window (`delete-window'). That is a zero. `C-x 1' Delete all windows in the selected frame except the selected window (`delete-other-windows'). `C-x ^' Make selected window taller (`enlarge-window'). `C-x }' Make selected window wider (`enlarge-window-horizontally'). `Drag-Mouse-1' Dragging a window's mode line up or down with `Mouse-1' changes window heights. `Mouse-2' `Mouse-2' in a window's mode line deletes all other windows in the frame (`mouse-delete-other-windows'). `Mouse-3' `Mouse-3' in a window's mode line deletes that window (`mouse-delete-window'). To delete a window, type `C-x 0' (`delete-window'). (That is a zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is given to an adjacent window (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active at the time). Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten; only restoring a window configuration can bring it back. Deleting the window has no effect on the buffer it used to display; the buffer continues to exist, and you can select it in any window with `C-x b'. `C-x 1' (`delete-other-windows') is more powerful than `C-x 0'; it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and the minibuffer); the selected window expands to use the whole frame except for the echo area. You can also delete a window by clicking on its mode line with `Mouse-2', and expand a window to fill its frame by clicking on its mode line with `Mouse-3'. The easiest way to adjust window heights is with a mouse. If you press `Mouse-1' on a mode line, you can drag that mode line up or down, changing the heights of the windows above and below it. To readjust the division of space among vertically adjacent windows, use `C-x ^' (`enlarge-window'). It makes the currently selected window get one line bigger, or as many lines as is specified with a numeric argument. With a negative argument, it makes the selected window smaller. `C-x }' (`enlarge-window-horizontally') makes the selected window wider by the specified number of columns. The extra screen space given to a window comes from one of its neighbors, if that is possible. If this makes any window too small, it is deleted and its space is given to an adjacent window. The minimum size is specified by the variables `window-min-height' and `window-min-width'. *Note Minibuffer Edit::, for information about the Resize-Minibuffer mode, which automatically changes the size of the minibuffer window to fit the text in the minibuffer. File: emacs, Node: Frames, Next: Major Modes, Prev: Windows, Up: Top Frames and X Windows ******************** When using the X Window System, you can create multiple windows at the X level in a single Emacs session. Each X window that belongs to Emacs displays a "frame" which can contain one or several Emacs windows. A frame initially contains a single general-purpose Emacs window which you can subdivide vertically or horizontally into smaller windows. A frame normally contains its own echo area and minibuffer, but you can make frames that don't have these--they use the echo area and minibuffer of another frame. Editing you do in one frame also affects the other frames. For instance, if you put text in the kill ring in one frame, you can yank it in another frame. If you exit Emacs through `C-x C-c' in one frame, it terminates all the frames. To delete just one frame, use `C-x 5 0'. To avoid confusion, we reserve the word "window" for the subdivisions that Emacs implements, and never use it to refer to a frame. * Menu: * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. * Secondary Selection::Cutting without altering point and mark. * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. * Modifying Faces:: How to change what a particular face looks like. * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster. * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. Region highlighting. * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that only show one. File: emacs, Node: Mouse Commands, Next: Secondary Selection, Up: Frames Mouse Commands for Editing ========================== The mouse commands for selecting and copying a region are mostly compatible with the `xterm' program. You can use the same mouse commands for copying between Emacs and other X client programs. `Mouse-1' Move point to where you click (`mouse-set-point'). This is normally the left button. `Drag-Mouse-1' Set the region to the text you select by dragging, and copy it to the kill ring (`mouse-set-region'). You can specify both ends of the region with this single command. If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse back into the window. This way, you can select regions that don't fit entirely on the screen. The number of lines scrolled per step depends on how far away from the window edge the mouse has gone; the variable `mouse-scroll-min-lines' specifies a minimum step size. `Mouse-2' Yank the last killed text, where you click (`mouse-yank-at-click'). This is normally the middle button. `Mouse-3' This command, `mouse-save-then-kill', has several functions depending on where you click and the status of the region. The most basic case is when you click `Mouse-1' in one place and then `Mouse-3' in another. This selects the text between those two positions as the region. It also copies the new region to the kill ring, so that you can copy it to someplace else. If you click `Mouse-1', scroll with the scroll bar, and then click `Mouse-3', it remembers where point was before scrolling (where you put it with `Mouse-1'), and uses that position as the other end of the region. This is so that you can select a region that doesn't fit entirely on the screen. More generally, if you do not have a highlighted region, `Mouse-3' selects the text between point and the click position as the region. It does this by setting the mark where point was, and moving point to where you click. If you have a highlighted region, or if the region was set just before by dragging button 1, `Mouse-3' adjusts the nearer end of the region by moving it to where you click. The adjusted region's text also replaces the old region's text in the kill ring. If you originally specified the region using a double or triple `Mouse-1', so that the region is defined to consist of entire words or lines, then adjusting the region with `Mouse-3' also proceeds by entire words or lines. If you use `Mouse-3' a second time consecutively, at the same place, that kills the region already selected. `Double-Mouse-1' This key sets the region around the word which you click on. If you click on a character with "symbol" syntax (such as underscore, in C mode), it sets the region around the symbol surrounding that character. If you click on a character with open-parenthesis or close-parenthesis syntax, it sets the region around the parenthetical grouping (sexp) which that character starts or ends. If you click on a character with string-delimiter syntax (such as a singlequote or doublequote in C), it sets the region around the string constant (using heuristics to figure out whether that character is the beginning or the end of it). `Double-Drag-Mouse-1' This key selects a region made up of the words that you drag across. `Triple-Mouse-1' This key sets the region around the line which you click on. `Triple-Drag-Mouse-1' This key selects a region made up of the lines that you drag across. The simplest way to kill text with the mouse is to press `Mouse-1' at one end, then press `Mouse-3' twice at the other end. *Note Killing::. To copy the text into the kill ring without deleting it from the buffer, press `Mouse-3' just once--or just drag across the text with `Mouse-1'. Then you can copy it elsewhere by yanking it. To yank the killed or copied text somewhere else, move the mouse there and press `Mouse-2'. *Note Yanking::. However, if `mouse-yank-at-point' is non-`nil', `Mouse-2' yanks at point. Then it does not matter precisely where you click; all that matters is which window you click on. The default value is `nil'. This variable also effects yanking the secondary selection. To copy text to another X window, kill it or save it in the kill ring. Under X, this also sets the "primary selection". Then use the "paste" or "yank" command of the program operating the other window to insert the text from the selection. To copy text from another X window, use the "cut" or "copy" command of the program operating the other window, to select the text you want. Then yank it in Emacs with `C-y' or `Mouse-2'. When Emacs puts text into the kill ring, or rotates text to the front of the kill ring, it sets the "primary selection" in the X server. This is how other X clients can access the text. Emacs also stores the text in the cut buffer, but only if the text is short enough (`x-cut-buffer-max' specifies the maximum number of characters); putting long strings in the cut buffer can be slow. The commands to yank the first entry in the kill ring actually check first for a primary selection in another program; after that, they check for text in the cut buffer. If neither of those sources provides text to yank, the kill ring contents are used. File: emacs, Node: Secondary Selection, Next: Mouse References, Prev: Mouse Commands, Up: Frames Secondary Selection =================== The "secondary selection" is another way of selecting text using X. It does not use point or the mark, so you can use it to kill text without setting point or the mark. `M-Drag-Mouse-1' Set the secondary selection, with one end at the place where you press down the button, and the other end at the place where you release it (`mouse-set-secondary'). The highlighting appears and changes as you drag. If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse back into the window. This way, you can mark regions that don't fit entirely on the screen. `M-Mouse-1' Set one endpoint for the "secondary selection" (`mouse-start-secondary'). `M-Mouse-3' Make a secondary selection, using the place specified with `M-Mouse-1' as the other end (`mouse-secondary-save-then-kill'). A second click at the same place kills the secondary selection just made. `M-Mouse-2' Insert the secondary selection where you click (`mouse-kill-secondary'). This places point at the end of the yanked text. Double or triple clicking of `M-Mouse-1' operates on words and lines, much like `Mouse-1'. If `mouse-yank-at-point' is non-`nil', `M-Mouse-2' yanks at point. Then it does not matter precisely where you click; all that matters is which window you click on. *Note Mouse Commands::. File: emacs, Node: Mouse References, Next: Menu Mouse Clicks, Prev: Secondary Selection, Up: Frames Following References with the Mouse =================================== Some Emacs buffers display lists of various sorts. These include lists of files, of buffers, of possible completions, of matches for a pattern, and so on. Since yanking text into these buffers is not very useful, most of them define `Mouse-2' specially, as a command to use or view the item you click on. For example, if you click `Mouse-2' on a file name in a Dired buffer, you visit the that file. If you click `Mouse-2' on an error message in the `*Compilation*' buffer, you go to the source code for that error message. If you click `Mouse-2' on a completion in the `*Completions*' buffer, you choose that completion. You can usually tell when `Mouse-2' has this special sort of meaning because the sensitive text highlights when you move the mouse over it. File: emacs, Node: Menu Mouse Clicks, Next: Mode Line Mouse, Prev: Mouse References, Up: Frames Mouse Clicks for Menus ====================== Mouse clicks modified with the CONTROL and SHIFT keys bring up menus. `C-Mouse-1' This menu is for selecting a buffer. `C-Mouse-2' This menu is for specifying faces and other text properties for editing formatted text. *Note Formatted Text::. `C-Mouse-3' This menu is mode-specific. For most modes, this menu has the same items as all the mode-specific menu bar menus put together. Some modes may specify a different menu for this button.(1) `S-mouse-1' This menu is for specifying the frame's default font. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Some systems use `Mouse-3' for a mode-specific menu. We took a survey of users, and found they preferred to keep `Mouse-3' for selecting and killing regions. Hence the decision to use `C-Mouse-3' for this menu. File: emacs, Node: Mode Line Mouse, Next: Creating Frames, Prev: Menu Mouse Clicks, Up: Frames Mode Line Mouse Commands ======================== You can use mouse clicks on window mode lines to select and manipulate windows. `Mouse-1' `Mouse-1' on a mode line selects the window above. By dragging `Mouse-1' on the mode line, you can move it, thus changing the height of the windows above and below. `Mouse-2' `Mouse-2' on a mode line expands that window to fill its frame. `Mouse-3' `Mouse-3' on a mode line deletes the window above. `C-Mouse-2' `C-Mouse-2' on a mode line splits the window above horizontally, above the place in the mode line where you click. `C-Mouse-2' on a scroll bar splits the corresponding window vertically. *Note Split Window::. File: emacs, Node: Creating Frames, Next: Multiple Displays, Prev: Mode Line Mouse, Up: Frames Creating Frames =============== The prefix key `C-x 5' is analogous to `C-x 4', with parallel subcommands. The difference is that `C-x 5' commands create a new frame rather than just a new window in the selected frame (*Note Pop Up Window::). If an existing visible or iconified frame already displays the requested material, these commands use the existing frame, after raising or deiconifying as necessary. The various `C-x 5' commands differ in how they find or create the buffer to select: `C-x 5 2' Create a new frame (`make-frame'). `C-x 5 b BUFNAME RET' Select buffer BUFNAME in another window. This runs `switch-to-buffer-other-frame'. `C-x 5 f FILENAME RET' Visit file FILENAME and select its buffer in another frame. This runs `find-file-other-frame'. *Note Visiting::. `C-x 5 d DIRECTORY RET' Select a Dired buffer for directory DIRECTORY in another frame. This runs `dired-other-frame'. *Note Dired::. `C-x 5 m' Start composing a mail message in another frame. This runs `mail-other-frame'. It is the other-frame variant of `C-x m'. *Note Sending Mail::. `C-x 5 .' Find a tag in the current tag table in another frame. This runs `find-tag-other-frame', the multiple-frame variant of `M-.'. *Note Tags::. `C-x 5 r FILENAME RET' Visit file FILENAME read-only, and select its buffer in another frame. This runs `find-file-read-only-other-frame'. *Note Visiting::. You can control the appearance of new frames you create by setting the frame parameters in `default-frame-alist'. You can use the variable `initial-frame-alist' to specify parameters that affect only the initial frame. *Note Initial Parameters: (elisp)Initial Parameters, for more information. File: emacs, Node: Multiple Displays, Next: Special Buffer Frames, Prev: Creating Frames, Up: Frames Multiple Displays ================= A single Emacs can talk to more than one X Windows display. Initially, Emacs uses just one display--the one specified with the `DISPLAY' environment variable or with the `--display' option (*note Initial Options::.). To connect to another display, use the command `make-frame-on-display': `M-x make-frame-on-display RET DISPLAY RET' Create a new frame on display DISPLAY. A single X server can handle more than one screen. When you open frames on two screens belonging to one server, Emacs knows they share a single keyboard, and it treats all the commands arriving from these screens as a single stream of input. When you open frames on different X servers, Emacs makes a separate input stream for each server. This way, two users can type simultaneously on the two displays, and Emacs will not garble their input. Each server also has its own selected frame. The commands you enter with a particular X server apply to that server's selected frame. Despite these features, people using the same Emacs job from different displays can still interfere with each other if they are not careful. For example, if any one types `C-x C-c', that exits the Emacs job for all of them! File: emacs, Node: Special Buffer Frames, Next: Frame Parameters, Prev: Multiple Displays, Up: Frames Special Buffer Frames ===================== You can make certain chosen buffers, for which Emacs normally creates a second window when you have just one window, appear in special frames of their own. To do this, set the variable `special-display-buffer-names' to a list of buffer names; any buffer whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame, when an Emacs command wants to display it "in another window." For example, if you set the variable this way, (setq special-display-buffer-names '("*Completions*" "*grep*" "*tex-shell*")) then completion lists, `grep' output and the TeX mode shell buffer get individual frames of their own. These frames, and the windows in them, are never automatically split or reused for any other buffers. They continue to show the buffers they were created for, unless you alter them by hand. Killing the special buffer deletes its frame automatically. More generally, you can set `special-display-regexps' to a list of regular expressions; then a buffer gets its own frame if its name matches any of those regular expressions. (Once again, this applies only to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a separate window.) The variable `special-display-frame-alist' specifies the frame parameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don't need to set it. For those who know Lisp, an element of `special-display-buffer-names' or `special-display-regexps' can also be a list. Then the first element is the buffer name or regular expression; the rest of the list specifies how to create the frame. It can be an association list specifying frame parameter values; these values take precedence over parameter values specified in `special-display-frame-alist'. Alternatively, it can have this form: (FUNCTION ARGS...) where FUNCTION is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed by calling FUNCTION; its first argument is the buffer, and its remaining arguments are ARGS. File: emacs, Node: Frame Parameters, Next: Scroll Bars, Prev: Special Buffer Frames, Up: Frames Setting Frame Parameters ======================== This section describes commands for altering the display style and window management behavior of the selected frame. `M-x set-foreground-color RET COLOR RET' Specify color COLOR for the foreground of the selected frame. `M-x set-background-color RET COLOR RET' Specify color COLOR for the background of the selected frame. This changes the foreground color of the `modeline' face also, so that it remains in inverse video compared with the default. `M-x set-cursor-color RET COLOR RET' Specify color COLOR for the cursor of the selected frame. `M-x set-mouse-color RET COLOR RET' Specify color COLOR for the mouse cursor when it is over the selected frame. `M-x set-border-color RET COLOR RET' Specify color COLOR for the border of the selected frame. `M-x list-colors-display' Display the defined color names and show what the colors look like. This command is somewhat slow. `M-x auto-raise-mode' Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-raise. Auto-raise means that every time you move the mouse onto the frame, it raises the frame. Note that this auto-raise feature is implemented by Emacs itself. Some window managers also implement auto-raise. If you enable auto-raise for Emacs frames in your X window manager, it should work, but it is beyond Emacs's control and therefore `auto-raise-mode' has no effect on it. `M-x auto-lower-mode' Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-lower. Auto-lower means that every time you move the mouse off of the frame, the frame moves to the bottom of the stack of X windows. The command `auto-lower-mode' has no effect on auto-lower implemented by the X window manager. To control that, you must use the appropriate window manager features. `M-x set-default-font RET FONT RET' Specify font FONT as the default for the selected frame. *Note Font X::, for ways to list the available fonts on your system. You can also set a frame's default font through a pop-up menu. Press `S-Mouse-1' to activate this menu. In Emacs versions that use an X toolkit, the color-setting and font-setting functions don't affect menus and the menu bar, since they are displayed by their own widget classes. To change the appearance of the menus and menu bar, you must use X resources (*note Resources X::.). *Note Colors X::, regarding colors. *Note Font X::, regarding choice of font. For information on frame parameters and customization, see *Note Frame Parameters: (elisp)Frame Parameters. File: emacs, Node: Scroll Bars, Next: Menu Bars, Prev: Frame Parameters, Up: Frames Scroll Bars =========== When using X, Emacs normally makes a "scroll bar" at the right of each Emacs window. The scroll bar runs the height of the window, and shows a moving rectangular inner box which represents the portion of the buffer currently displayed. The entire height of the scroll bar represents the entire length of the buffer. You can use `Mouse-2' (normally, the middle button) in the scroll bar to move or drag the inner box up and down. If you move it to the top of the scroll bar, you see the top of the buffer. If you move it to the bottom of the scroll bar, you see the bottom of the buffer. The left and right buttons in the scroll bar scroll by controlled increments. `Mouse-1' (normally, the left button) moves the line at the level where you click up to the top of the window. `Mouse-3' (normally, the right button) moves the line at the top of the window down to the level where you click. By clicking repeatedly in the same place, you can scroll by the same distance over and over. Aside from scrolling, you can also click `C-Mouse-2' in the scroll bar to split a window vertically. The split occurs on the line where you click. You can enable or disable Scroll Bar mode with the command `M-x scroll-bar-mode'. With no argument, it toggles the use of scroll bars. With an argument, it turns use of scroll bars on if and only if the argument is positive. This command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created. You can use the X resource `verticalScrollBars' to control the initial setting of Scroll Bar mode. *Note Resources X::. To enable or disable scroll bars for just the selected frame, use the `M-x toggle-scroll-bar' command. File: emacs, Node: Menu Bars, Next: Faces, Prev: Scroll Bars, Up: Frames Menu Bars ========= By default, each Emacs frame has a menu bar at the top which you can use to perform certain common operations. There's no need to describe them in detail here, as you can more easily see for yourself; also, we may change them and add to them in subsequent Emacs versions. When you are using a window system, you can use the mouse to choose a command from the menu bar. On text-only terminals, you can use the menu bar by typing `M-`' (`tmm-menubar'). This enters a mode in which you can select a menu item from the keyboard. Either type the initial of the item you want, or use the left and right arrow keys to choose an item and use RET to finalize the choice. Each of the operations in the menu bar is bound to an ordinary Emacs command which you can invoke equally well with `M-x' or with its own key bindings. The menu lists one equivalent key binding (if the command has any) at the right margin. To see the command's name and documentation, type `C-h k' and then select the menu bar item you are interested in. You can turn display of menu bars on or off with `M-x menu-bar-mode'. With no argument, this command toggles Menu Bar mode, a minor mode. With an argument, the command turns Menu Bar mode on if the argument is positive, off if the argument is not positive. You can use the X resource `menuBarLines' to control the initial setting of Menu Bar mode. *Note Resources X::. Expert users often turn off the menu bar, especially on text-only terminals where this makes one additional line available for text. File: emacs, Node: Faces, Next: Modifying Faces, Prev: Menu Bars, Up: Frames Using Multiple Typefaces ======================== When using Emacs with X, you can set up multiple styles of displaying characters. The aspects of style that you can control are the type font, the foreground color, the background color, and whether to underline. Emacs on MS-DOS supports faces partially by letting you control the foreground and background colors of each face (*note MS-DOS::.). The way you control display style is by defining named "faces". Each face can specify a type font, a foreground color, a background color, and an underline flag; but it does not have to specify all of them. The style of display used for a given character in the text is determined by combining several faces. Any aspect of the display style that isn't specified by overlays or text properties comes from the frame itself. Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several commands and menus for specifying faces. *Note Format Faces::, for how to specify the font for text in the buffer. *Note Format Colors::, for how to specify the foreground and background color. To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type `M-x list-faces-display'. It's possible for a given face to look different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standardly defined faces: `default' This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. `modeline' This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's set up as the inverse of the default face. *Note Display Vars::. `highlight' This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. `region' This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark mode is enabled--see below). `secondary-selection' This face is used for displaying a secondary selection (*note Secondary Selection::.). `bold' This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. `italic' This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. `bold-italic' This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. `underline' This face underlines text. When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named `region'; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the style of this face (*note Modifying Faces::.). *Note Transient Mark::, for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and deactivation of the mark. One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other important constructs. *Note Font Lock::, for more information about Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears on your screen using the command `ps-print-buffer-with-faces'. *Note Postscript::. File: emacs, Node: Modifying Faces, Next: Font Lock, Prev: Faces, Up: Frames Modifying Faces =============== Here are the commands for changing the font of a face: `M-x set-face-font RET FACE RET FONT RET' Change face FACE to use font FONT. *Note Font X::, for more information about font naming under X. `M-x make-face-bold RET FACE RET' Convert face FACE to use a bold version of its current font. `M-x make-face-italic RET FACE RET' Convert face FACE to use a italic version of its current font. `M-x make-face-bold-italic RET FACE RET' Convert face FACE to use a bold-italic version of its current font. `M-x make-face-unbold RET FACE RET' Convert face FACE to use a non-bold version of its current font. `M-x make-face-unitalic RET FACE RET' Convert face FACE to use a non-italic version of its current font. Here are the commands for setting the colors and underline flag of a face: `M-x set-face-foreground RET FACE RET COLOR RET' Use color COLOR for the foreground of characters in face FACE. `M-x set-face-background RET FACE RET COLOR RET' Use color COLOR for the background of characters in face FACE. On a black-and-white display, the colors you can use for the background are `black', `white', `gray', `gray1' and `gray3'. Emacs supports the gray colors by using background stipple patterns instead of a color. `M-x set-face-stipple RET FACE RET PATTERN RET' Use stipple pattern PATTERN for the background of characters in face FACE. `M-x list-colors-display' Display the defined color names and show what the colors look like. `M-x set-face-underline-p RET FACE RET FLAG RET' Specify whether to underline characters in face FACE. `M-x invert-face RET FACE RET' Swap the foreground and background colors of face FACE. `M-x modify-face RET FACE RET ATTRIBUTES...' Change various attributes of face FACE. This command prompts for all the attribute of the face, one attribute at a time. For the color and stipple attributes, the attribute's current value is the default--type just RET if you don't want to change that attribute. Type `none' if you want to clear out the attribute. You can also use X resources to specify attributes of particular faces. *Note Resources X::. File: emacs, Node: Font Lock, Next: Support Modes, Prev: Modifying Faces, Up: Frames Font Lock mode ============== Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular buffer, which highlights (or "fontifies") using various faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other important constructs--for example, names of functions being defined or reserved keywords. The command `M-x font-lock-mode' turns Font Lock mode on or off according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. The function `turn-on-font-lock' unconditionally enables Font Lock mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support it, use the function `global-font-lock-mode', like this: (global-font-lock-mode t) In Font Lock mode, when you edit the text, the highlighting updates automatically in the line that you changed. Most changes don't affect the highlighting of subsequent lines, but occasionally they do. To rehighlight a range of lines, use the command `C-M-g' (`font-lock-fontify-block'). In certain major modes, `C-M-g' refontifies the entire current function. (The variable `font-lock-mark-block-function' controls how to find the current function.) In other major modes, `C-M-g' refontifies 16 lines above and below point. With a prefix argument N, `C-M-g' refontifies N lines above and below point, regardless of the mode. To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else you need to have a color or grayscale screen. The variable `font-lock-display-type' specifies whether Font Lock mode should use font styles, colors, or shades of gray to distinguish the various kinds of text. Emacs chooses the default value according to the characteristics of your display. The variable `font-lock-maximum-decoration' specifies the preferred level of fontification for modes that provide multiple levels. The normal default is 1; larger numbers request more fontification, and some modes support levels as high as 3. These variables can also specify different numbers for particular major modes; for example, to use level 3 for C/C++ modes, and the default level otherwise, use this: (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration '((c-mode . 3) (c++-mode . 3))) Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress it. The variable `font-lock-maximum-size' specifies a buffer size, beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. File: emacs, Node: Support Modes, Next: Misc X, Prev: Font Lock, Up: Frames Font Lock Support Modes ======================= Font Lock support modes make Font Lock mode faster for large buffers. There are two support modes: Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode. They use two different methods of speeding up Font Lock mode. * Menu: * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files. * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed. * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you? File: emacs, Node: Fast Lock Mode, Next: Lazy Lock Mode, Up: Support Modes Fast Lock Mode -------------- To make Font Lock mode faster for buffers visiting large files, you can use Fast Lock mode. Fast Lock mode saves the font information for each file in a separate cache file; each time you visit the file, it rereads the font information from the cache file instead of refontifying the text from scratch. The command `M-x fast-lock-mode' turns Fast Lock mode on or off, according to the argument (with no argument, it toggles). You can also arrange to enable Fast Lock mode whenever you use Font Lock mode, like this: (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode) It is not worth writing a cache file for small buffers. Therefore, the variable `fast-lock-minimum-size' specifies a minimum file size for caching font information. The variable `fast-lock-cache-directories' specifies where to put the cache files. Its value is a list of directories to try; `"."' means the same directory as the file being edited. The default value is `("." "~/.emacs-flc")', which means to use the same directory if possible, and otherwise the directory `~/.emacs-flc'. The variable `fast-lock-save-others' specifies whether Fast Lock mode should save cache files for files that you do not own. A non-`nil' value means yes (and that is the default). File: emacs, Node: Lazy Lock Mode, Next: Fast or Lazy, Prev: Fast Lock Mode, Up: Support Modes Lazy Lock Mode -------------- To make Font Lock mode faster for large buffers, you can use Lazy Lock mode to reduce the amount of text that is fontified. In Lazy Lock mode, buffer fontification is demand-driven; it happens to portions of the buffer that are about to be displayed. And fontification of your changes is deferred; it happens only when Emacs has been idle for a certain short period of time. The command `M-x lazy-lock-mode' turns Lazy Lock mode on or off, according to the argument (with no argument, it toggles). You can also arrange to enable Lazy Lock mode whenever you use Font Lock mode, like this: (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode) It is not worth avoiding buffer fontification for small buffers. Therefore, the variable `lazy-lock-minimum-size' specifies a minimum buffer size for demand-driven buffer fontification. Buffers smaller than that are fontified all at once, as in plain Font Lock mode. When you alter the buffer, Lazy Lock mode defers fontification of the text you changed. The variable `lazy-lock-defer-time' specifies how many seconds Emacs must be idle before it starts fontifying your changes. If the value is `nil', then changes are fontified immediately, as in plain Font Lock mode. Lazy Lock mode normally fontifies newly visible portions of the buffer before they are first displayed. However, if the value of `lazy-lock-defer-driven' is non-`nil', newly visible text is fontified only when Emacs is idle for `lazy-lock-defer-time' seconds. When Emacs is idle for a long time, Lazy Lock fontifies additional portions of the buffer, not yet displayed, in case you will display them later. This is called "stealth fontification". The variable `lazy-lock-stealth-time' specifies how many seconds Emacs has to be idle before stealth fontification starts. A value of `nil' means no stealth fontification. The variables `lazy-lock-stealth-lines' and `lazy-lock-stealth-verbose' specify the granularity and verbosity of stealth fontification. File: emacs, Node: Fast or Lazy, Prev: Lazy Lock Mode, Up: Support Modes Fast Lock or Lazy Lock? ----------------------- Here is a simple guide to help you choose one of the Font Lock support modes. * Fast Lock mode only intervenes during file visiting and buffer killing (and related events); therefore buffer editing and window scrolling are no faster or slower than plain Font Lock mode. * Fast Lock mode is slower at reading a cache file than Lazy Lock mode is at fontifying a window; therefore Fast Lock mode is slower at visiting a file than Lazy Lock mode. * Lazy Lock mode intervenes during window scrolling to fontify text that scrolls onto the screen; therefore, scrolling is slower than in plain Font Lock mode. * Lazy Lock mode doesn't fontify during buffer editing (it defers fontification of changes); therefore, editing is faster than in plain Font Lock mode. * Fast Lock mode can be fooled by a file that is kept under version control software; therefore buffer fontification may occur even when a cache file exists for the file. * Fast Lock mode only works with a buffer visiting a file; Lazy Lock mode works with any buffer. * Fast Lock mode generates cache files; Lazy Lock mode does not. The variable `font-lock-support-mode' specifies which of these support modes to use; for example, to specify that Fast Lock mode is used for C/C++ modes, and Lazy Lock mode otherwise, set the variable like this: (setq font-lock-support-mode '((c-mode . fast-lock-mode) (c++-mode . fast-lock-mode) (t . lazy-lock-mode))) File: emacs, Node: Misc X, Next: Non-Window Terminals, Prev: Support Modes, Up: Frames Miscellaneous X Window Features =============================== The following commands let you create, delete and operate on frames: `C-z' To iconify the selected Emacs frame, type `C-z' (`iconify-or-deiconify-frame'). The normal meaning of `C-z', to suspend Emacs, is not useful under a window system, so it has a different binding in that case. If you type this command on an Emacs frame's icon, it deiconifies the frame. `C-x 5 0' To delete the selected frame, type `C-x 5 0' (`delete-frame'). This is not allowed if there is only one frame. `C-x 5 o' Select another frame, raise it, and warp the mouse to it so that it stays selected. If you repeat this command, it cycles through all the frames on your terminal. `M-x transient-mark-mode' Under X Windows, when Transient Mark mode is enabled, Emacs highlights the region when the mark is active. This feature is the main motive for using Transient Mark mode. To toggle the state of this mode, use the command `M-x transient-mark-mode'. *Note Mark::. File: emacs, Node: Non-Window Terminals, Prev: Misc X, Up: Frames Non-Window Terminals ==================== If your terminal does not have a window system that Emacs supports, then it can display only one Emacs frame at a time. However, you can still create multiple Emacs frames, and switch between them. Switching frames on these terminals is much like switching between different window configurations. Use `C-x 5 2' to create a new frame and switch to it; use `C-x 5 o' to cycle through the existing frames; use `C-x 5 0' to delete the current frame. Each frame has a number to distinguish it. The selected frame's number appears in the mode line after `Emacs', except when frame 1 is selected. File: emacs, Node: Major Modes, Next: Indentation, Prev: Frames, Up: Top Major Modes *********** Emacs provides many alternative "major modes", each of which customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time. The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in parentheses (*note Mode Line::.). The least specialized major mode is called "Fundamental mode". This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each option is in its default state. For editing text of a specific type that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp mode or Text mode. Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become more specifically adapted to the language being edited. The ones which are changed frequently are TAB, DEL, and LFD. The prefix key `C-c' normally contains mode-specific commands. In addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine how comments are to be delimited. Many major modes redefine the syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer. *Note Syntax::. The major modes fall into three major groups. Lisp mode (which has several variants), C mode, Fortran mode and others are for specific programming languages. Text mode, Nroff mode, TeX mode and Outline mode are for editing English text. The remaining major modes are not intended for use on users' files; they are used in buffers created for specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for buffers made by Dired (*note Dired::.), and Mail mode for buffers made by `C-x m' (*note Sending Mail::.), and Shell mode for buffers used for communicating with an inferior shell process (*note Interactive Shell::.). Most programming language major modes specify that only blank lines separate paragraphs. This is to make the paragraph commands useful. (*Note Paragraphs::.) They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the definition of TAB to indent the new lines it creates. This is because most lines in a program are usually indented. (*Note Indentation::.) * Menu: * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. File: emacs, Node: Choosing Modes, Prev: Major Modes, Up: Major Modes How Major Modes are Chosen ========================== You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file name or on special text in the file. Explicit selection of a new major mode is done with a `M-x' command. From the name of a major mode, add `-mode' to get the name of a command to select that mode. Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by executing `M-x lisp-mode'. When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in `.c' are edited in C mode. The correspondence between file names and major modes is controlled by the variable `auto-mode-alist'. Its value is a list in which each element has this form, (REGEXP . MODE-FUNCTION) or this form, (REGEXP MODE-FUNCTION FLAG) For example, one element normally found in the list has the form `("\\.c\\'" . c-mode)', and it is responsible for selecting C mode for files whose names end in `.c'. (Note that `\\' is needed in Lisp syntax to include a `\' in the string, which is needed to suppress the special meaning of `.' in regexps.) If the element has the form `(REGEXP MODE-FUNCTION FLAG)' and FLAG is non-nil, then after calling FUNCTION, the suffix that matched REGEXP is deleted and the list is searched again for another match. You can specify which major mode should be used for editing a certain file by a special sort of text in the first nonblank line of the file. The mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by `-*-'. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example, ;-*-Lisp-*- tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Such an explicit specification overrides any defaulting based on the file name. Note how the semicolon is used to make Lisp treat this line as a comment. Another format of mode specification is -*-Mode: MODENAME;-*- which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this: -*- mode: MODENAME; VAR: VALUE; ... -*- *Note File Variables::, for more information about this. When a file's contents begin with `#!', it can serve as an executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on the file's first line. The rest of the file is used as input to the interpreter. When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line to choose a mode. If the first line is the name of a recognized interpreter program, such as `perl' or `tcl', Emacs uses a mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter. The variable `interpreter-mode-alist' specifies the correspondence between interpreter program names and major modes. When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or when you create a new buffer with `C-x b', the variable `default-major-mode' specifies which major mode to use. Normally its value is the symbol `fundamental-mode', which specifies Fundamental mode. If `default-major-mode' is `nil', the major mode is taken from the previously selected buffer. If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command `M-x normal-mode' to do this. This is the same function that `find-file' calls to choose the major mode. It also processes the file's local variables list if any.